![]() pneumophila strains abilities to infect and cause illness in humans. Adaptations for growth at the human body temperatures may facilitate some L. ![]() These growth preferences may influence the bacterial colonization at specific ecological niches within the drinking-water network. Moreover, Legionella strains that belong to the same species but were isolated from environmental and clinical sources possess adaptations for growth at different temperatures. pneumophila genotypes have different temperature-dependent growth kinetics. Here we demonstrate that different environmental L. The bacteria inhabit natural and man-made freshwater environments. Legionella pneumophila is a waterborne pathogen that threatens humans in developed countries. Index Terms- electric water heating, hot water, smart grid, smart metering, Domestic energy consumption, domestic water consumption, demand forecasting, demand-side management, energy management, load modelling, load profile. Surprisingly, the efficiencies and consumption patterns between the regions are also stark, with the urban Western Cape using 20 % more water on an average day, and with 70.2 % efficiency vs. The results also show that daily routines vary significantly, and also between regions. The results show a striking similarity to previous work, with the exception that scheduling has led to energy demand leading water consumption. Finally, differences between units in peri-rural Mkhondo and the urban Western Cape are compared in terms of water demand, energy demand, and efficiency (energy in vs. The different profiles for the days of the week are evaluated, in addition to weekdays and weekend days. This paper measures and reports actual hot water demand acquired through a novel smart metering solution. Moreover, even though water heating energy demand profiles have been investigated in the past, little is known about the different energy profiles for the days of the week, and regional variance of such profiles. Despite all the existing literature on energy for water heating, very little is known about an inextricably linked key determinant of it – demand for hot water and consumption patterns thereof. Water heating is a leading cause of household energy consumption and, given its capacitive nature, has been the focus of research on demand side management and grid peak load management. Our analysis shows that there has been a significant improvement in South African deprivation levels between 19, but it also finds that geography and race continue to play an important role in explaining patterns of deprivation. We adopt the Total Fuzzy and Relative approach proposed by Cheli and Lemmi (1995) to derive a poverty index with nine dimensions of deprivation, including education, employment, dwelling type, overcrowding, access to electricity, water, telephone, sanitation and refuse collection. While there has been previous studies tracking poverty trends over segments of the post-apartheid period, no previous work has considered multi-dimensional deprivation over the two decades following the official fall of apartheid. ![]() A multi-dimensional approach is required to assess progress because it can reflect the reduction in deprivation attributable to the improved affordability and expanded coverage of government services. This study examines the enduring spatial and racial dimensions of poverty and deprivation in South Africa to assess the progress made by the post-apartheid society and state. In low- and middle-income countries, like South Africa, misdiagnosis of Legionellosis may be common due to the shadow cast by HIV and TB prevalence. A model is used to determine the potential infection rate from these concentrations, demonstrating that undiagnosed Legionellosis infection is likely. Microbiological techniques (PCR and weight-based qRT-PCR) are used to assess the presence of Legionella and Legionella pneumophila at point-of-use taps. The presence of Legionella in water heaters is established through water sampled from five in-field water heaters, of which the temperatures and heating schedules are known. This paper uses computational fluid dynamics modelling to show that a horizontal electric water heater provides an environment that is conducive to Legionella growth, although its prevalence is probably higher in the downstream pipes. However, lower water temperatures allow Legionella to flourish. Water heaters, a potential domestic niche for these pathogens, are heavy energy consumers, causing cost-sensitive users to employ energy-saving initiatives, such as scheduling and lower temperature set points. Legionella is a genus of pathogenic bacterial mesophiles that cause a range of diseases collectively referred to as Legionellosis, with immuno-compromised individuals being particularly susceptible.
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